A+-+FROM+MONARCHY+TO+REPUBLIC,+1642-1653

__**WHAT WAS THE 17th CENTURY LIKE TO LIVE IN? **__   = The Century That Wrote Itself = media type="youtube" key="IffyYVc-24A" width="560" height="315" align="center"  media type="youtube" key="WM4teOpAFlQ" width="560" height="315" align="center"   __**BACKGROUND - WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WARS IN THE THREE BRITISH KINGDOMS? **__ **KING CHARLES I** of England, Scotland and Ireland, born in 1600 in Scotland, the second son of James VI of Scotland and I of England. He became heir to the throne following the death of his elder brother Prince Henry, and then king after the death of King James in 1625. For 11 years (1629-1640) he ruled alone without Parliament, in this time of "Personal Rule" there was an increase in unfair taxes, enforcement of extreme, borderline Catholic views and practices and all in a time of social turnmoil.
 * OVERVIEW OF SECTION** • The personality and policies of Charles I and reasons for the defeat of the Royalist cause, 1642-1646; Charles I and the failure of attempts to reach a settlement, 1646–1649   • Parliamentary factionalism and the politicisation of the New Model Army; the ideas and influence of the Levellers and Diggers; military opposition to Parliament, 1646–1649   • Radical religious groupings: Fifth Monarchists and Ranters; Presbyterianism and independency   • The establishment of the Rump Parliament and the Commonwealth; its failures and Cromwell’s reasons for its dissolution   • The parliament of the Saints: reasons for its creation, its failures and the decision to abandon it

**KING VS. PARLIAMENT **

**PARLIAMENT** - Westminster in the late 16th century - Only the Hall and the Abbey still exist in their old format, built in front of the Hall from this direction is the Victorian Gothic Palace of Westminster with the famous St.Stephen's Tower and the even more famous bell, Big Ben. For eleven years the MPs were not called, with continuing social, religious and economic grievances to be discussed and no outlet for them, when they were called together to help finance an army for the King in 1640, their views overflowed about the unfairness of the King's Absolutist nature. Swiftly shut, this **SHORT PARLIAMENT** would reconvene only a few weeks later as the **LONG PARLIAMENT** which would not close until after the death of the King.



Like many wars in history, it would be possible to study their causes as an examined unit in its own right. Whilst it is not essential for your exam that you know the causes of the English Civil Wars, it is nontheless important to have a bit of an understanding as it gives good insight and background into the actions of the people who are involved in the war. Understanding their motives and their beliefs will come to determine why the course of history took the direction that it did. This section of this Wiki is designed to give some consideration as to these reasons that we've already discussed in class. And of course just like all things in history there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to placing the blame on one person, event or theme for causing this war. Consider the evidence below and join the discussion. **PERSONAL RULE OF CHARLES I (1629-1640) ** **Charles’s approach to ruling** **Why did Puritans become alarmed by Charles I’s policies?**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">From the start of his reign, Charles had identified with the more conservative (and more popular) wing of the English Church.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">This was shown by his elevation of William Laud to the bishopric of London in 1628 and to the archbishopric of Canterbury in 1633.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">He and other so-called Arminians found favour under Charles and this provoked opposition from the puritans.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Puritans also angered by what they saw as increasing influence of Catholics at court. Charles' approach to recusancy was to see it as a useful source of income rather than trying to eradicate it.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Bishops seemed to be Charles' closest advisers. Bishop Juxon of London was made Lord Treasurer in 1636 - he and Laud were on the Privy Council.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles was also seen as soft on Catholics. He had Catholic wife - Henrietta Maria, who held Catholic services in England.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1636 Charles received first papal nuncio (ambassador) since the reformation - George Con.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Laud offered but declined a Cardinal's hat by the Pope.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles seemed to follow a pro-Catholic foreign policy - moved Spanish silver across southern England.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">He refused to allow court mourning on the death of Protestant hero, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in 1632.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">New canons (Church laws) introduced in 1640 by Laud. Upheld divine right of kings, denounced Popery and Separatism, clarified the altar question and made all those in holy orders swear to uphold the government of the Church by bishops.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Opposition to religious reforms in England**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Naturally many puritans were opposed to these changes.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">As early as 1629, John Eliot, the Speaker of the House of Commons, had denounced those who brought in 'innovation in religion' as traitors.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">However open opposition during 1630s was limited.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In 1637, Bishop Williams of Lincoln, most prominent Puritan on the bench of bishops, sent to the Tower because of his opposition to Laudian reforms. Stayed there until released by Long Parliament. But there was little persecution of Puritans, even in the diocese of Norwich (a fairly Puritan region with a laudian bishop, Wren). The number of clergy suspended and Puritans censored was not out of the ordinary during 1630s.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Most famous prosecutions came in 1637. William Prynne, Henry Burton and John Bastwicke, were Puritan pamphleteers opposed to Laud's reforms.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Condemned by Court of Star Chamber, they were mutilated but none were executed. Laud's regime did not make martyrs of its opponents.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Scale of Puritan opposition in terms of propaganda was much less than in 1580s. Church of England was an Erastian church - it was governed by the king. Hard to oppose religious reforms without opposing the king.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Many welcomed the changes and the vast majority conformed. The most zealous (enthusiastic) Puritans were separatists who wanted to set up their own churches separate from Church of England.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">They were not really a threat, since most emigrated to the Continent or the New World to seek a more congenial religious climate.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Opposition in Scotland**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Opposition to Charles' regime on the issue of religion was much more significant in Scotland than in England.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Scotland's Church was much more Puritan than the one in England and Charles wished to bring it into line.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">He brought in a new Book of Canons to replace John Knox's Book of Discipline.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1637 Charles introduced a new prayer book in Scotland. Written by Scottish bishops in consultation with Laud.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1638 Scottish rebellion over the Prayer Book. Rebel leaders signed a National Covenant to oppose it. Then met in Glasgow Assembly and abolished episcopacy in Scotland.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1639 First Bishops' War
 * Covenanters raised an army and seize Edinburgh Castle. Charles' forces meet king at York but then melted away and Charles forced to accept Pacification of Berwick.
 * A year too late, Charles sent for Thomas Wentworth, his Lord Deputy in Ireland to sort out the mess.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**The recall of Parliament and the road to war** When King James I died in 1625, his eldest surviving son, Charles, inherited the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. James had earned the support of his own native countrymen, the Scots, as he had been king of Scotland for many years prior to being invited to take the throne of England on the death of Queen Elizabeth I. Charles didn't have the same intellect as his father, nor the experience or appropriate attitude necessary to govern such diverse kingdoms and cultures. One of the key issues for Charles was that, as a man of short stature and a big ego, he believed that it was his God given right (the Divine Right - discussed on //In Our Time// below) to instruct his people on how to live. Seeing himself as his subjects' "little god", Charles decided that he didn't need advisors in the form of Parliament, so he closed them down in 1629, this led to unhappiness as the laws and taxes which he decided to impose upon the people were seen as unfair and unnecessary. This period is known as the Personal Rule, and it sets the stage for what was to follow. When Charles was forced to call a Parliament to help him deal with problems in Scotland and Ireland, the Members of Parliament (MPs) decided not to consider helping him until he met their demands for change. By refusing he shut this "SHORT PARLIAMENT" down, only to be forced to reopen them, this time aptly known as the "LONG PARLIAMENT" (this time they would not be shut until the death of the King nine years later).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">At start of 1640 Civil War in England seemed highly unlikely, yet by the end of 1642 it had started.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">April-May 1640 Short Parliament. Strafford advised the calling of Parliament after 11 years to vote money for the Scots War.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Fiasco of First Bishops' War (1639) had shown that Charles was unable to raise and equip a creditable army without parliamentary sanction. Also showed that Charles was not a tyrant!
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Short Parliament refused to grant supplies without redress of grievances. Many parliamentary leaders were Puritans who are sympathetic to the Scots rebels. After six weeks, Parliament was dissolved by the King.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">August - October 1640 Second Bishops' War: English forces defeated at a skirmish near Newcastle. Scots occupy the city and surrounding counties.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles forced to agree to Treaty of Ripon - Scots to be paid £850 per day until a settlement is made. This forced Charles to recall parliament - he had no money left!
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">November 1640 calling of Long Parliament
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Faced with apparently unanimous opposition Charles gave concessions.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In last two months of 1640:Many MPs were won over by Charles' conciliatory attitude and sacrifice of Strafford.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15px;">Laud and Strafford were impeached as evil counsellors.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15px;">Monopolists were expelled from Commons.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15px;">The Canons of 1634 were condemned.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15px;">Petition to Commons that episcopacy should be abolished ‘root and branch’. In 1641:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15px;">Charles agreed to Triennial ActStrafford was put on trial in House of Lords on a charge of high treason. Defended himself well against absurd charges but executed when Pym introduced a Bill of Attainder.
 * Parliament to be called at least once every three years as well as Act declaring that the present parliament could only be dissolved with its own consent rather than at King's wish as heretofore.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15px;">By Act of Parliament, Strafford was merely declared guilty of treason. Charles reluctantly signed the Act, even though he had promised Strafford that he would not allow him to suffer.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15px;">Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission used to persecute Laud's religious opponents, abolished. By summer 1641, there appeared to be some chance of compromise.
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 15px;">They were also worried about the religious and political radicalism of Pym and those who supported him.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">They realised that opposition leaders were in alliance with rebellious Scots Covenanters who still controlled Newcastle and thus London's coal supply.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Settlement was prevented by death of moderate but influential Earl of Bedford in May 1641.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">He was replaced in negotiations with Charles by Lord Saye and Sele, a more determined Puritan, who was deeply distrustful of Charles. Autumn/winter 1641 events turned against Charles.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Just as moderates were beginning to win upper hand in the Commons came news of the Irish Rebellion (October 1641). Irish Catholic uprising was exploited by Pym to claim that there was a Catholic conspiracy, approved of by Charles, to win victory in Ireland and then overthrow parliament in England. This would then culminate in restoration of Catholicism in England.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Pym thus passed (159 votes to 148) the Grand Remonstrance detailing a catalogue of supposed crimes committed by those who supported the king over the last decade or so.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Vote showed that many MPs had already gone home! At same time Irish Rebellion meant that king would have to raise an army to put it down. Parliament forced into revolutionary claim that Parliament not the King should control the army.

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 18px;">UNREST IN SCOTLAND (1639) **  First it's important to remember that King Charles I was not only the king of England, but also of Scotland (since his Scottish father was invited to take the crown of England after the death of Elizabeth I who died without issue). This would in theory be good for the two kingdoms as their united strength would make them a stronger force to be reckoned with on the world stage, especially now that the world's strongest power, Spain, was slowly in decline.

However, Scotland had gone through a more radical reformation during the 16th century resulting in a Presbyterian state religion. Charles' approach to Protestantism was nearer the Catholic end of the spectrum and expected uniformity from **all** his subjects, ignoring the fact that Scotland and England were not really the same group of people. When, in 1639, he forced the Scottish Kirk (Church) to introduce **his** prayer book, it ended in a riot in St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh, culminating in a body of people meeting to invade England under the name of the **Covenanters** in the **First Bishop's War**.

**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 18px;">UPRISING IN IRELAND (1641) ** News of a rebellion amongst the Catholic population in Ireland would lead Parliament to question Charles' attitude for NOT arranging a militia to deal with the stories of massacres and attrocities committed against the Protestant English settlers. Suspicions were growing amongst the MPs that Charles was either a Catholic or certainly a sympathiser. When Parliament decided to arrange for such a military responce of their own, Charles feared for a use of this army against him. Walking into the House of Commons intending to arrest the leading MPs being the plan, he was breaking age old rules against MPs' priviliges. Sides were forming and Charles left the City for the safety of regions of support. War was now inevitable...  //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">In order to transcribe the text from the time there are a few concepts that you'll need to get your head around. The first use of the letter "s" in a word looks like an "f" without the horizontal line, though not on its second use in that word. This is not always the case if it is the first letter in the word, then it looks like a modern "s". "J" doesn't often feature, instead the use of the letter "i" replaces it, occasionally a "u" is represented by a "v" instead. Beyond this, the only real rule to follow is that this is a time before uniformity of spelling with the use of a common dictionary, therefore spellings are phonetic - how they sound to the writer, one of the advantages of this is that accents can occasionally be heard when saying some of these words out loud and is an interesting insight into the voices of people long since dead. A good example to show these rules of the scribe would be the phrase "The Priests and Jesuits": //

The Uprising and the reaction of the ordinary people is shown well in the documentary "Blood on our Hands" in the opening ten minutes, beyond this it leads into the other reasons why people were opposed to the reign of Charles I before getting into the Civil War itself.

media type="youtube" key="V97MLZag3kM" height="315" width="560" <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**1642 - The drift to war**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles attempted the arrest of 5 leaders of the opposition in Parliament. Motivated by Pym's rumour that the Queen (Henrietta Maria a French Catholic) was to be charged with high treason.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles failure to use troops at his disposal to close down Parliament led to his departure from London.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Thus rather surprisingly, the opposition leaders in Commons and Lords found themselves in control of London and able to claim that the King was being advised to resort to military force to destroy them.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament was then forced into revolutionary claims about the powers of Parliament and the King.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Nineteen Propositions June 1642 stated that:**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">All King's counsellors to be approved by Parliament.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament to control the militia and troops raised for defence of nation.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">All business concerning the kingdom to pass through King's Council and Parliament
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament to approve of those educating the King's children.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Laws against Papists to be enforced. Aug 1642 King raised his standard in Nottingham - war had begun.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Conclusion**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">War began in 1642 because the united opposition of 1640 became divided over the next 18 months and the King found that he had increasing political support.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">At same time the radicals in parliament, finding that they could not trust the king and unwilling to risk destruction at his hands, moved from being conservatives (preserving the old order against the reforms of Charles and Laud) into revolutionaries (demanding genuine and farreaching changes in the balance of power between parliament and the King).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Recent work by John Adamson - The Noble Revolt - claims that the main centre of opposition to Charles came from a group of Puritan nobles - Warwick, Essex, Northumberland - and their clients.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">They had a revolutionary agenda and wanted to undermine the king's powers to make him a figurehead ruler, like the doge of Venice.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">This group was politically astute and used ancient precedents to take charge of most of the king's income during 1641, thus rendering him powerless.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles failed to destroy the opposition because he was apparently unwilling to use the military forces at his disposal early enough and then in 1642 rediscovered the perennial military weakness of the English Crown - it was very hard to raise troops without the approval of parliament!



**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 170%;">THE FIRST ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1642-1645 **

Following the divisions in Parliament and the views of the King and the MPs on whether or not the Monarchy should have such control and whether specifically King Charles was really working in the best interests of the Protestant people of England. Suspicion and paranoia about each others intensions led the King to raise his standard (his flag) in Nottingham to rally troops to fight for his cause. On the night this was raised it was blown down by a strong wind - believed by some to be a bad omen of things to come. Both sides now split into ideological differences - those for the King (the ROYALISTS, also known as CAVALIERS) and those for Parliament (the PARLIAMENTARIANS, also known as ROUNDHEADS). The differences of views on politics, religious differences and economic wealth were all to play their part in making individuals across the kingdoms decide who to fight for, or who to be against. Many examples exist of people and whole counties calling for their neutrality and even forming a third side, those who would fight to keep both sides out of their region. The problem with such an ideological war was that families and friends were torn apart, separated by their ideas and their split loyalties - such divisions would take years to heal once the war was done. This would be a significant war with a serious hangover.

**Time Line of main battles** <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1642 Edgehill – inconclusive: Rupert reached Turnham Green, (Brentford) closest royalists got to London.

1643 Royalist three pronged attack on London and Southeast: Battle of Newbury - inconclusive.

1644 Marston Moor - parliamentary victory in the North

1645 Naseby - royalists defeated. War peters out.

War was very close fought over a long period of time.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament's victory not inevitable and could not be forseen in 1642. If royalists had won either Edgehill, or Marston Moor or Naseby, they would have won the war.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Reasons for Parliament's victory**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament controlled London and the Southeast throughout the war
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">.[[image:thecrisisofstate/London in the Civil War.jpg width="800" height="566"]]


 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">This meant Charles had to capture London in order to win the war - this proved beyond his military capacity. While he raised and maintained several regional armies, none was big enough to besiege the capital.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">London and Southeast plus East Anglia meant that Parliament held wealthier areas and had economic and financial capacity to maintain their war effort over a long period. Parliament controlled centres of commerce and credit (e.g. could raise money from London merchants).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">This area also had more printing presses - Parliament had 6 newspapers during the war, royalists only 2.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">London also had the most effective and efficient militia in the country. London militia saved London at Turnham Green 1642 and relieved royalist siege of Gloucester in 1643.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament controlled all three arsenals throughout war - Tower of London, Portsmouth and Hull.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles, by contrast, relied on less well off areas and use of assets of wealthy supporters, which would become exhausted in the long-term. Parliament controlled most of the sea ports and the navy.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Therefore could keep trade going, benefit from taxes on trade and keep London supplied.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In addition helped to keep out possible aid to royalists from France. In fact Spain and France too involved in Thirty Years War to offer serious help.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Control of navy also meant that Parliamentary heartlands in Southeast could not be attacked by sea, so can be lightly garrisoned.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">At same time Parliamentary ports in royalist areas - Liverpool and Lyme - can raid and tie down royalist troops.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Nature of warfare**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">The war became a series of regional conflicts, based on sieges, storming of towns and small scale, indecisive battles.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">The front line was very long and troops consequently dispersed to guard towns and territories.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Therefore Charles could not focus on taking London or winning one decisive encounter, against most of Parliament's forces, in open battle.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Royalist advances on the capital would be piecemeal and slow, especially after the failure of the three-pronged attack on the Southeast of England in 1643 - Newcastle from North, King from Oxford and Hopton from South-West.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Parliament's war effort**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">The raising of money and supplies by Parliament became more systematic as war went on.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Set up county committees, which were ruthless in over-riding traditional rights of towns and communities.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Weekly assessments enforced - essentially a tax on land.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament tried civilians by martial law - showing that they were prepared to sacrifice ideals of government (cut across traditional rights) in order to win the war.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Introduced excise ordinance (1643) - a sales tax to raise money,
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament was also quick to confiscate lands and goods of so-called delinquents. Royalist war effort less severe in practice as King stressed traditional laws and constitution.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">More hand to mouth in terms of supply for the army, which gained a reputation for plundering and taking free quarter.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**New Model Army**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Fairfax was commander in chief, Cromwell led the cavalry.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Often seen as war winning army, created late on in the war in 1645, as Parliament became desperate for final victory.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Certainly created a large, mobile and coherent army at a time when King's forces were still regional and being worn down.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles had better soldiers at start of war but Parliament caught up later.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Strength of New Model Army derived from regular pay rather than religious zeal.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Officers promoted according to ability rather than social status.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Won decisive battle of Naseby in 1645. New Model Army stands firm even though Rupert may have destroyed 1/3 of the Parliamentary forces in his initial cavalry charge.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">After Naseby, New Model Army was then able to mop up remaining royalist armies/garrisons. Charles unable to raise fresh forces therefore surrenders.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Self-denying Ordinance 1645**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">This allowed parliament to get rid of commanders such as the Earls of Essex and Manchester who seemed unable or unwilling to inflict a decisive defeat on the King.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Cromwell was the exception to the new law because he firmly believes in the justice of parliament's cause.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Prince Rupert's failures** <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Though a brilliant cavalry commander, Rupert on several occasions failed to convert royalist supremacy at start of battle into victory - Edgehill and Marston Moor.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">At Naseby he charged uphill into a parliamentary army twice the size of royalist forces.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Royalists had no reserve cavalry to follow up Rupert's successful charges. Parliament's allies more useful than the King's
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1643 Parliament signed a Solemn League and Covenant with the Scots and Scots Covenanter army of 20,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry arrived Jan. 1644. Most English armies were 10-15,000 men.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In 8 months Scots captured 1/3 of royalist land in the North.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Played important role in battle of Marston Moor - Parliament now had more cavalry than royalists - and tied up royalist troops in the North.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1646 Charles surrendered to the Scots at Newark.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Although there was a serious royalist army in Scotland under Montrose, its victories came after Marston Moor and it was destroyed by returning Covenanter army at Philiphaugh (1645).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Montrose's efforts did allow Parliament to get rid of an unwelcome ally when peace came!
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">By contrast Charles had military aid from Irish Catholics.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Not as well trained as the Scots and helped to promote idea of Catholic conspiracy. Charles losing the propaganda war.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Only about 6,000 Irish infantry arrive in piecemeal fashion, half of which were destroyed at

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Battle of Nantwich. Charles' tactical mistake in 1645**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles divided his army in two, therefore faced Fairfax and New Model Army with smaller force at Naseby.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Religious idealism** media type="youtube" key="W7BLiuiORHI" height="315" width="560"
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Used to be thought that radical Puritanism inspired Parliament and its army so it had greater ideological resolve than royalists.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">It is hard to measure. Certainly helped Parliament to keep going in bad times and it may have been the case that royalists were overconfident at start of war, thinking rebellion was bound to fail.

In spite of some battles, seiges and skirmishes, the war was not going well for either side until a variety of breakthroughs made it possible for Parliament to gain the upper hand. Essentially the key to victory would be supply, Parliament controlled the major ports and harbours - including London, not only were they able to import weapons and troops but they were also able to tax traders supplying products to England. In this regard they were able to finance a war which the Royalists would eventually not be able to pay for. media type="youtube" key="sXvrJH8Hof8" height="346" width="462"

By having such some of money Parliament's troops were able to be reorganised, up until now armies had consisted of untrained militia soldiers (men who were usually farmers or had other professions), so their skills and their desire for fighting was limited. Under the leadership of an MP and soldier, Oliver Cromwell was able to resturcture the army into what became THE NEW MODEL ARMY - a professional full time group of men who travelled across the country to fight where they were needed, gathering the experience and the appropriate training to make them become an almost unbeatable fighting force. First put to the test in 1644 at the Battle of Marston Moor. From thsi victory it would seem inevitable that the Royalists would eventually surrender. This didn't happen until King Charles fled to hand himself over the Scottish in the hope that they would treat him better than Parliament now that he had surrendered. Instead they simply handed him over to Parliament who would now seek to force a peace treaty upon him to settle the conflict once and for all.



__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px;">THE SEARCH FOR A SETTLEMENT 1646-1649 **__

Charles was presented with the Newcastle Propositions - a peace treaty that was hoped would settle the dispute between King and Parliament - if he agreed to the terms he would be allowed to remain as the head of state as King and all would be forgiven. However, Charles still saw himself as divinely appointed and so was never going to accept the terms of any treaty dictated to him by anyone. Rather than saying no, he simply pretended to go along with them and said that he needed time to think them through - in this time he managed to get Parliament to reconsider what their options were and whether or not these terms were too strict.Does the fact that he delayed even responding to the radical demands of Church Reform and Parliamentary power suggest that he was defiant or devious? By postponing the settlement it is as though he was playing some kind of Deal or No Deal game with his enemy. But at what point did he upset "the banker" to the extent that he would loose his head? How responsible was the King for the lack of a settlement - or was Parliament, and their associate groups, most responsible for the failure to resolve the political difficulties that peace now brought.

**NEWCASTLE PROPOSITIONS** //- was the King right to delay this proposal?//  This document was looking to create a very limited Monarchy with a Presbyterian style Church settlement - essentially removing the hierarchy of the Church thereby removing the King's powers over religion and the monies associated with it. In addition the document would reduce the King's military strength and boost the ability of Parliament to have a more prominent role in Governing Britain. This was something which, as a divinely appointed sovereign, Charles would never be able to accept.

**THE HEADS OF THE PROPOSALS** //- should Charles have accepted this as the best offer he would receive?//  Unlike the Newcastle Propositions, this settlement suggestion was put forward by the New Model Army, who were becoming much more political in their attempts to solve the crises in Britain. As a result they were the only suggestions which could ultimately have been enforced had they chosen to do so. Having an army at their heels should have forced Charles to agree to them. Ultimately they were the best option for him and a less "divine" man, would have accepted their terms. But alas he did not, which meant that further groups would emerge from the woodworks with their suggestions. Each time this led to further divisions and ideas amongst Charles' enemies. He believe this would make them all realise that the only settlement possible would be one with him back in a position that he held in 1640.

**THE AGREEMENT OF THE PEOPLE** //- was this completely unrealistic and centuries ahead of its time?// Drawn up by the rank and file soldiers of the New Model Army. The first time in English history where the lower classes of society were becoming more political and looking for a huge overhaul of the political system. Looking for a wider franchise (more voting people) and a true democracy which didn't even feature the monarchy in its proposal. Understandably the King would never agree. However, Cromwell was clever enough to bring the dividing sides back together by allowing for the escape of the King to the Isle of Wight. Where he was here he would be presented with yet another and more strict treaty should he ever be found!

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">**THE SECOND CIVIL WAR (1648)**  Whilst the King was delaying all of the offers presented to him he decided to raise yet another army - this time a Scottish Army made up of Covenanters who he had previously fought against. This was was brief and quickly won by Parliament, forcing the hand of the Roundheads to seek and alternative solution to their ongoing problems.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">By playing his enemies off against each other, Charles helped to spark off Second Civil War (1648) by negotiating with the Scots but their 'Engager' army defeated by Cromwell at Preston.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Second Civil War also led to Royalist stirs elsewhere in the country.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Despite the resumption of war, Dec 48 Parliament voted to restart negotiations with the King and planned to bring him to London.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Looked as though Charles might get even better terms. Moderates in parliament determined to make a settlement with king and destroy growing power of the army.

**NEWPORT TREATY** - //an attempt to give Charles one more chance// Whilst this treaty was being negotiated with the King, who as usual was devising ways of delaying his response to the terms, a group of men from parliament met to discuss what should really be done. Being a religious group and believing in God's judgement, they saw the victory in the First Civil War as God's decision, as Charles had decided that another war was needed, he had gone against God's decision - therefore he was a blasphemer and would need punishing. __**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px;">THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF THE KING (JANUARY 1649) **__ <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Why was Charles executed? Did the regicides feel that they had no other choice? Was Charles his own worst enemy? Was it the greed of a few individuals who were hell-bent on taking advantage of a situation where they could personally benefit? <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Read the following articles to see what the authors feel is the right and real reason for the execution of the King (of course it's only their opinion, but do you agree?) The Trial of the King is discussed in depth on //In Our Time.//

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Situation resolved. In the end the Army took control.**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Dec 1648 Colonel Pride purged parliament. Soldiers allow in only those MPs prepared to put the King on trial.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Army leadership and Rump decided to put king on trial and then execute him. (Jan. 1649).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles called ‘this man of blood’. Army leadership realized that only way to stop surge in support for the king was to execute him and declare a republic. Scots were a further complicating factor.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In 1646 they had the King and were keen to see Presbyterian Church set up in England to match the one in Scotland.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament not happy with this and wanted to pay Scots off.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Scots hand over king to Parliament (Jan. 47), worried about royalist Scots back in Scotland (Montrose and his royalist army). Therefore Scots leave empty handed.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Intransigence of the King**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">All parties in period 1646-8 assumed that the new constitution would see the King restored to power - albeit diminished.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles believed that he could use this to hold out for better terms. Said to Rupert in 1645 'God will not suffer rebels to prosper or His cause to be overthrown'.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">He thought he could retain all his prerogative powers as his enemies were so divided.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In addition he believed that God had turned against him (allowed his enemies to defeat him in Civil War) because he had given up some of his God-given powers before the war and because he had broken his word to Strafford.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles therefore not interested in terms offered to him by Parliament (Newcastle Propositions) but played for time.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Almost successful and helped to spark off Second Civil War (1648) by negotiating with the Scots but their 'Engager' army defeated by Cromwell at Preston.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">December 1648 Parliament voted to restart negotiations with the King and planned to bring him to London. Looked as though Charles might get even better terms.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Situation resolved. In the end the Army take control.**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Dec 1648 Colonel Pride purged parliament. Soldiers allow in only those MPs prepared to put the King on trial.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Army leadership and Rump decided to execute the King (Jan. 1649).





<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Reasons for execution of the King**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Not for ideological reasons. Those who did it (the Army grandees and their supporters in Parliament) were not republicans.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Practical reasons predominated. Army leadership realized that there could be no lasting settlement with the King.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles not prepared to negotiate seriously and had sparked off Second Civil War - Army call him 'this man of blood'.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Real worry was that country would descend into anarchy if army failed to take charge. Charles refused to negotiate with rebels, who had taken up arms against their lawful sovereign.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Saw his opponents as revolutionaries who wished to change fundamentally the ancient 'mixed' constitution of the country - see his answer to Parliaments 19 Propositions of 1642. Revolution would lead to anarchy.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Thought his enemies would fall out amongst themselves, which they nearly did!
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Thought God had moved against him in war because he had given up some of his God given prerogative powers before war began.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Would rather face martyrdom than give up more powers.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Parliamentary factionalism** <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Aftermath of war saw the failure to produce a peace settlement and ultimately the execution of the King and abolition of the monarchy because of a number of factors. Victors were divided.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament was worried by the power of its Army once victory in the field had been secured. Wanted to disband it as soon as possible but didn't have the money to pay soldiers' arrears.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament also concerned about growing number of radical ideas and radical groups e.g. Levellers, Fifth Monarchists, Baptists and Ranters. Wanted quick settlement to avoid anarchy.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">However, Parliament divided between hardliners (led by Vane, St. John and Cromwell) and moderates (led by Holles).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Moderates (reconstituted peace party of the war days) wished to pay off Scots quickly, disband New Model Army and send selected regiments to sort out continuing conflict in Ireland.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Hardliners (many of the 'win the war' party of the war period) think the disbanding of the army will allow King to dictate terms of settlement.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament was also divided between those who wanted a coercive nation Church based on Presbyterian lines and growing number of Independents (like Cromwell) who want to allow individual congregations some degree of independence in formulating their own theological ideas and practices - liberty for 'tender consciences'. Army became politicised in reaction to growing split with moderates in Parliament.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Army owed about £3 million in arrears and frightened of 'cavalier' backlash in the counties once they are disbanded.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">April 1647, Holles issued Declaration of Dislike - declaring that soldiers petitioning Parliament for redress of grievances were 'enemies of the State'.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Army officers and men elected a General Council of the Army.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">June 1647, Army seized King and in August took control of London.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Issued the Heads of the Proposals as possible basis for new monarchical constitution. Army wanted to limit power of Parliament as well as the King. Army was also divided however.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rank and file in the Army represented by agitators was distrustful of the officers (grandees) who were seen as self-seeking and corrupt.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Thought Heads of the Proposals as pathetic sell out to the King - why had they fought and died if it were merely to restore the pre-war constitution?
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Also influenced by ideas of Levellers, who in October 1647 issued the Agreement of the People as basis on new constitution.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Divisions in army apparently patched up in Putney Debates (Oct.-Nov. 1647) but divisions within army had been exposed.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Nov. 1647 (Corkbush Field) and May 1649 (Burford) there were Leveller inspired mutinies in the Army. Levellers, led by John Lilburne, were a group of intellectuals who:
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Wished to see the end of tyrannical kings (seen in 1630s) AND tyrannical parliaments (seen during the Civil War).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Most wanted to see all men given the vote and equality of electoral districts.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Ultimately many wanted to see the end of central government with political decisions taken at the local level.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Although influential in the Army and in London, Levellers were not a serious threat to the Army or Parliament.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Most soldiers more interested in 'bread and butter' issues about arrears of pay and indemnity against supposed crimes committed by soldiers during the war.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Levellers were not a coherent political party, not well organized, had no clear programme and leaders disagreed amongst themselves.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Lilburne was charismatic but easily silenced by the authorities.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Levellers were the only secular (non-religious) sect. In religion they wanted genuine toleration - no national church and the abolition of tithes. The establishment of the Rump Parliament and then the Commonwealth.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">There are a variety of reasons for the failure to find a settlement between the end of the war in 1646 and the execution of the King in January 1649. This is a fairly common question that could be asked of you in the exam. One possible line of thinking it though can be seen in the diagram below, this is quite a good way to do your planning, so think about how well this works for you, and consider emulating it for other questions in the future:





__**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 170%;">THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH: **__ __**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 170%;">BRITAIN'S REPUBLICAN EXPERIMENT (1649-1653) **__ These satirical images and text show how the Rump was viewed by the 1670s/80s when the leaders of the Rump were long since dead. Clearly the Purged Parliament is by this point regularly regarded as "The Rump". This is a clear derogatory term of abuse towards this regime, the hopes and expectations from the Rump were quickly washed away, and clearly within twenty years is a period of regret and abuse. <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Why the Rump was successful 1649-53**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Although it was and is easy to be critical of the Rump, it did in fact achieve a real degree of settlement and internal peace and kept military dictatorship at bay.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump often criticised because it executed the king, it abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords, it was an illegal regime because it was merely a rump (small portion) of the original parliament.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">It was seen as the instrument of the army grandees, it was destroyed by the army which claimed that it was self-seeking, self-perpetuating and had failed to introduced the necessary reform.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Clement Walker, one of the MPs purged by Pride described it as, ‘this fag end, this veritable Rump of a parliament with corrupt maggots in it’. In reality Rump was a success because:
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">It was not revolutionary. Many of those MPs who voted for execution of King did so out of desperation.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">They oppose this particular king not the office of king. Then realise that they cannot invite one of Charles' sons to take over.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Monarchy was abolished by default not out of revolutionary ideology.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump was also conservative because many of the more conservative MPs who could not accept Charles' execution, return in Feb. 49, so the radicals are outnumbered.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Men such as Sir Arthur Haselrigge and Sir Henry Vane didn't like the Rump but realized it was all they have left - determined that country will not descend into anarchy.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Cromwell, now politically the most powerful army leader was also politically conservative - did make strenuous efforts to prevent the execution of the King.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Most MPs in Rump from traditional governing class of landowners and so moderate. At same time very worried about growth in the number of radical sects, men who sought ‘to turn the World upside down’ - priority is to suppress the sects rather than bringing in reforms.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In addition Rump faced with massive internal problems in aftermath of war, therefore spend time on those not on new ideas.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump ruled via a Council of State of c.40 members which dealt with day to day administration and carried out matters referred to it by Parliament.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">At same time more radical MPs divided in terms of what they want - politically and religiously - no clear ideology to guide them.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">__**The Successes of the Rump**__ <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Ireland**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump sent Cromwell to Ireland to put an end to Civil War there (July 1649 - May 1650).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Despite excesses committed at Drogheda and Wexford, where most of the inhabitants are slain, Cromwell did end the fighting and imposed a harsh new settlement.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">English control more firmly established as Catholic landowners have estates confiscated. (Act for the Settling of Ireland, 1652).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">'Curse of Cromwell' stored up problems for the future but in short-term successful.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Conquest continued after Cromwell's return in 1650 under Ireton and Fleetwood.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Scotland**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Problems here as Charles I's heir Prince Charles hoping to use Scotland as spring-board for restoration of monarchy in England.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles proclaimed King in Edinburgh Feb. 1649. Crowned in Scotland 1651.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Cromwell defeated Scots at Dunbar 1650 and again at Worcester in 1651. Prince Charles' attempt to secure throne thwarted.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">No serious royalist uprisings after this, partly because Charles had tried to regain throne with Scottish support - not popular in England.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In 1660, Charles invited back to England and the throne of his father.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**War against the Dutch**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Growing trade rivalry between England and the Dutch, especially after 1648, when Dutch gained official independence from Spain at the end of Thirty Years War.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump passed two Navigation Acts 1650 and 1651. These led to naval war with Dutch 1652-3 in which English forces under Admiral Blake had upper hand, e.g. Battle of the Downs 1652. Rump gained some support
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Jan. 1650 all office holders had to take an Engagement (oath of allegiance) to the Rump.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Non-subscribers banned from office.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">During 1649 Rump used this Engagement to purge local committees of its enemies - in Herefordshire 40% of committee members were ousted. Rump helped to ease government's financial problems.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Used land confiscated from royalists, Crown and Church to help pay soldiers and mount campaigns in Ireland, Scotland and against Dutch.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">First English regime with a standing army to its name.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump also kept taxation levels high.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Treated its creditors badly and found it hard therefore to attract loans; little money squeezed out of the city
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Nonetheless, financial situation by April 53 was far from desperate - debt stood at less than £1 million.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Rump dealt with radical groups.**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Levellers horrified at Rump's assumption of power with army backing.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Lillburne produced ‘England's New Chains Discovered’ - claimed that Rump had usurped its authority.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">However Leveller mutiny at Burford (1649) quickly dealt with, four leading Levellers put in Tower - Lilburne, Overton, Walwyn and Prince in March 1649.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">By 1650 Levellers a spent force - Rainsborough (leading advocate of Leveller ideas at Putney Debates) was dead, Lilburne in Tower, Sexby and Wildman pursuing other careers.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Ranters**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In reality an anti-religious sect who did not believe in sin and damnation and claimed that these were invented merely to oppress the people.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">God was the author of sin, so main idea was to enjoy life while you had it. One Ranter song claimed, ‘A short life and a merry is all the heaven that we expect, let's drink off our canary’.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Some disputes about the existence of such a group. Rump may have deliberately exaggerated the threat in order to justify more general suppression of radicals.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1650 Rump passed new wide-ranging moral code including death penalty for women (not men) guilty of adultery. May have been aimed at Ranter threat. In fact few prosecutions under the new Acts.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Diggers**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">A very small group led by Gerrard Winstanley. Most famous pamphlet was the Law of Freedom (1652) - blueprint of a communist society.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Earth was a 'common treasury' to be exploited equally by all men.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Winstanley set up a Digger community in Surrey in 1649 on wasteland and other such groups sprang up during 1650.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Winstanley wanted the abolition of private property and as a pantheist, believed that God existed in all living things
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In fact threat from Diggers was very small indeed - easily suppressed by Rump.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Fifth Monarchists**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Believed that end of world was at hand and that the Saints should rule in preparation for the Second Coming of Christ.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Major-General Harrison, associate of Cromwell, most notable leader.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Ideas sounded radical. Claimed that force was legitimate to overthrow existing regimes and wanted to establish the rule of the Godly (presumably fellow Fifth Monarchists).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Also wanted abolition of the entire legal system.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">May have had 10,000 members at their height but most were from the lower orders and were not a threat to the regime.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Their importance in the Barebone's Parliament has exaggerated their political importance in this period.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Under Rump there is little persecution of this group because they are not seen as a threat and had support in some sections of the Army leadership. Rump's 'failures' in the eyes of the Army. In fact its unwillingness to introduce radical reform probably helped to maintain political stability and prevent further social unrest. Failed to carry out extensive reforms of the legal system
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Failed to carry out any extensive reform of the legal system. Levellers wanted big reduction in the number of laws and speedier resolution of legal cases.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Summer 1649 measures to relieve those imprisoned for debt were defeated.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1650 Rump decreed that all legal cases to be conducted in English.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Hale Commission advocated series of law reforms but they were rejected by Rump in Feb. 1653.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Many MPs, like Bulstrode Whitelock, were lawyers who argued for status quo, claiming that those in favour of reforms knew little about the law.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Others opposed to reforms advocated by radicals like the Levellers and the Army leadership. Rump failed to resolve the deep divisions over religion which had had helped to cause the war and which had widened thereafter.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">If the Rump had tried to impose a religious settlement, there might well have been unrest.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Church of England effectively already dismantled, episcopacy abolished and Prayer Book banned.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament had introduced the Directory of Worship in 1644.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump repealed statutes enforcing attendance at parish church.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In reality Rump could find no easy solution to the religious divisions between those who wanted a coercive national Church, probably Presbyterian in nature and those who were religiously Independents and opposed this idea.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump did deal with some practical problems in Church. Voted £20,000 p.a. from confiscated Church and Crown lands to bring inadequate church livings up to £100 p.a.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Carried out survey of parishes 1649 with view to mergers and rationalization of parishes. Little achieved in face of local opposition.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1650 Commission to propagate the Gospel in the North and Wales (the ‘dark corners of the realm’).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Rump ratified tithes in 1652, so everyone had to pay for upkeep of church minister even if they didn't attend his services. Rump failed to deliver electoral reform.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Levellers and many Army leaders want to widen franchise, equalize electoral districts and have regular elections.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Three plans produced 1648 by Levellers, 1649 by Army grandees and 1650 by a Rump committee. None were enacted. Rump was seen as self-perpetuating
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Cromwell dissolved Rump in April1653 claiming that it had sat too long and had failed to hold fresh elections to gain legitimacy.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">More recent research claims that Cromwell dissolved Rump because it was planning to hold an election and Army were frightened that a new parliament would bring back royalists and moderates who would try to get rid of the Army.

When the King was executed, England became the Commonwealth, an experimental republic which went through various types of political structure, some more successful than others. Ultimately though Oliver Cromwell himself was behind the scenes in one way or another of all of them. Mostly infamously his actions in trying to deal with the Irish problems borne out of 1641 would reach a conclusion at this time. Watch the videos below for a docudrama to give you an insight well worth watching.

media type="youtube" key="QruqyL0KALk" height="315" width="420"Once you open this video in YouTube, follow to the remaining 5 parts to complete.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">As the first republican experiement continued with the "Rump" or "Purged" Parliament who were responsible for the execution, these regicides were failing to bring about the changes that they had once promised before forming the new Government. Disillusionment and upset at the lack of pace behind the English Revolution meant that many were looking into alternatives solutions other than the prescribed Rump Parliament to lead the Commonwealth. A new experiment - the Barebones Parliament - would continue to prove that Britain wasn't ready for a Godly Society in this fashion and would perhaps be better turning to a more traditional form of government, but this time one which had as the head of state, a man who deserved and earned the power that such a position would require. This was to be filled by none other than Oliver Cromwell - as Lord Protector he would seek to resolve those differences brought about by the Civil War and the search for a settlement which had so far taken a decade to get past. //Dutch satirical characature of Oliver Cromwell shortly after news of the King's execution spread to the continent. Clearly the views of the Dutch cartoonist suggest that Cromwell was the main rebel who proceeded not for the glory of God or for the people of England, but rather for his own selfish best-interest and promotion way beyond his station.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Oliver Cromwell expelling the Rump in April 1653 - the two options presented to him, by Major-Generals Harrison and Lambert would be experimented with next under the Barebones Parliament (aka the Nominated Assembly) and then the Protectorate - a return to traditional forms of government. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Perhaps the Rump was, as described by Clement Walker (a purged MP from the Long Parliament) //"this fag end, this veritable Rump of a parliament with corrypt maggots in it".// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**Reasons for failure of the Barebone's Parliament (April- Dec. 1653)**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">When Cromwell dissolved the Rump, he had to decide what to replace it with. Fearing an election, he and the Council of Army Officers decided to opt for a nominated assembly.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Lambert wanted a small executive Council of State, dominated by Army leaders but with civilian members as well, while others wanted a nominated assembly of saints.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Called Barebone's by its enemies because one of MPs chosen was a leather merchant and Baptist lay preacher called Praise-God Barebon.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In fact Cromwell at first saw it as a body which might draw up a new constitution BUT once it met, it decided to call itself a parliament.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Radicals in fact in a minority of 40 or so (only 11-14 committed Fifth Monarchists) but they tended to dominate discussions in their quest for Godly reform. Socially the members were not from the lower orders, most were of lesser gentry status.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Their programme of reform sounded radical. They failed not because they were fanatical but because they threatened too many vested interests.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">First assembly to have representatives of Scotland and Ireland.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**What Barebone's wanted**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">A codification of the Law into a small pocket-book, abolition of Court of Chancery, abolition of tithes (compulsory taxes paid to the Church), abolition of a gentleman's right to nominate men to church livings.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Fifth Monarchists wanted the introduction of the Law of Moses.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">To the gentry, all this represented an attack on property rights.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**What Barebone's did****Some sensible reforms –**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Act to settle Ireland, Act to link Scotland, England and Ireland.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1653 Civil Marriage Act to allow marriage outside Church.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">**However more radical acts also passed**
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">August 1653 voted to abolish Court of Chancery, which was only saved by the dissolution of Barebone's in December 1653.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In same month Barebone's voted by 56-52 in favour of the abolition of tithes. This was too much for moderate members.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">While the radicals attended a prayer meeting, moderates came to the chamber and voted themselves out of existence.