C+-+THE+CONSOLIDATION+OF+CHARLES+II'S+RULE,+1667–1678

• The role of key personalities: Charles II and his ministers; relations between Crown and Parliament, including issues of finance • The clash between Court and Country – the emergence of Tories and Whigs; continuing support for Republicanism • Divisions between Anglicans and Dissenters; the impact of the Test Act • Charles II’s relations with France and the Netherlands Charles II and his ministers
 * The period 1667-72 saw the rise of the 'Cabal' - group of important ministers who served Charles.
 * Clifford - the Lord Treasurer and Catholic convert - wanted to see the advancement of Catholicism. Usually pro-French
 * Arlington - generally pro-Dutch in terms of foreign policy but suppressed feelings to keep favour with Charles.
 * Buckingham - politically inconsistent, main aim was self-aggrandisement. Generally wanted more toleration for Dissenters.
 * Lord Ashley (Anthony Ashley Cooper) wanted toleration for Dissenters and was in favour of excluding James Duke of York from the succession because of his Catholicism.
 * Lauderdale (John Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale) spent most of his time governing Scotland for the King.
 * In fact the nickname is misleading as these ministers were not really agreed on policy and Lauderdale was rarely at Court.
 * All came together in 1670 to sign the Treaty of Dover, which allied England to France (see below).
 * Nickname used to highlight the idea of secret council/advice being given to the King, rather than being guided by Parliament. Highlights existence of Country interest opposed to the secrecy and corruption of the Court party.
 * Cabal fell apart by 1672. Clifford died. Arlington frightened of impeachment, took a non-political post in the King's household. Ashley (later Earl of Shaftesbury) and Buckingham went into opposition over treatment of Dissenters.
 * Cabal never dominant group. Charles himself took an active part in government and policy formation, as did his brother York.

Danby
 * 1673-8, after the Cabal, came the ministry of Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby.
 * His policies were largely Cavalier in tendency i.e. anti-Catholic and anti-French. In finance he hoped to increase income and decrease expenditure.
 * Came to prominence as Lord Treasurer.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Said that ‘Parliament must be gratified by executing the laws both against Popery and Non-Conformity and withdrawing apparently from the French interest.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Orders in Council 1675 said Catholic priests to leave country, papists not to come to Court or to send children abroad to be educated. Commissioners sent into each shire to enquire into recusants' lands and confiscate 2/3rds for the King.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Encouraged Charles to follow a Protestant foreign policy.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Danby did increase royal income.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Greater commercial prosperity after late 1660s saw rise in income from customs.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Improved collection of hearth tax, excise tax and customs.By 1678 Charles income has reached c£1.3 million from c£900,000 in 1663.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Peace made with Dutch in 1674 BUT expenditure increased more rapidly than income.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Government debt increased by c£750,000 in period 1674-8
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Danby did build up support for Crown in the shires.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">26 shires saw JPs displaced by Danby in favour of Tories.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">By 1670 death rate amongst old Commonwealth JPs pretty high. They were usually replaced by Anglicans. Danby thought to favour increased use of the army in politics, as a way of bringing in absolutism.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Raised an army to fight a war against France in 1677/8. Advised Charles that he might use threat of the army to extract money from Parliament.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Opponents claimed the army was made up of Papists.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Army used in Scotland.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1678 Andrew Marvell wrote a pamphlet
 * An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government.
 * Big attack on Danby's policies.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Relations between Crown and Parliament, including issues of finance NB Parliament from 1661-79 - the Cavalier Parliament - was the same group of MPs, meeting in different sessions.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1667 Parliament got rid of Clarendon
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1670 and 71 Parliament passed the most generous additional supplies of the reign.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Big extra indirect taxes passed
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Favourable supply partly because of widening court policy of bribing important MPs.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament met in 1673 (had not met since 1671)
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Commons attack legal and religious aspects of Charles' Declaration of Indulgence (1672). Charles gave way. Realized that he could not hold out against Anglicans and Dissenters on this issue.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles also agreed to banishment of Catholic priests and enforcement of recusancy laws.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles agreed to anti-Catholic Test Act 1673 (see below).
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles reversed his pro-Catholic policies in Ireland. Catholics in Ireland to be disarmed and excluded from office.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">As a result of these measures, Parliament made a grant of £1,260,000 for war against Dutch
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Later sessions of Parliament in 1673 (Oct/Nov) and 1674 (Jan/Feb) saw increased opposition to Charles' government.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Dutch War going badly.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Dutch propaganda spread idea that Charles had allied with Louis XIV in order to bring in popery and absolutism especially Peter du Moulin's England's appeal from the private Cabal at Whitehall to the Great Council of the Nation.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Lots of hostility to Charles' extravagance.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Opposition to foreign policy
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Fears about popish ministers
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Concerns about the Catholic heir - James, Duke of York but attempt at exclusion failed badly.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles dismissed Shaftesbury, who claimed there were 16,000 papists ready to bring in Catholicism by force.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Danby did try to manage parliament more than previous ministers
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">By 1676 about 20-30 important MPs are receiving government pensions and can be relied on to support government policies.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Loyal MPs encouraged to attend regularly.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">But this was not really successful. Number of court placemen was pretty small and Danby could not try to influence elections, sine there isn't one until 1679.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1675 Parliament
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Still worried about papists but encouraged by Danby's attempts to enforce laws against recusants.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1677 Parliament now really concerned about possibility of James becoming King.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Danby attempted to introduce a Bill to limit James' powers but this failed.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Also proposed more regular system for fining papist recusants.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1678 Parliament voted unanimously that the so-called Popish Plot was ‘a hellish plot.’
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Titus Oates claimed that there was a Popish Plot to put James on the throne by means of assassination of Charles, Catholic uprisings in Ireland and England and Catholic invasion from France.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">35 people executed 1678-81 in connection with the plot, even though the plot story was pure fantasy.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles probably didn't believe it but had to stand aside in view of Parliament's fury.

[] <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament brought down Danby 1678-9
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament shown letters written by Danby showing that he was involved in secret negotiations with Louis for secret subsidies for Charles.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Parliament immediately voted to impeach Danby.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Jan 1679 Charles dissolved Cavalier Parliament in an attempt to save Danby
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Clash between Court and Country - emergence of Tories and Whigs; continuing support for republicanism
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Court and Country was a familiar political division between the Court/courtiers/ministers and powerful landowners from the shires not involved directly in central government.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Country party complained about scandals and corruption at Court
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">scale of royal expenditure and waste
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">oppressive nature of taxation
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">secret plots and cabals

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Tories and Whigs
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">These are not established and well defined parties in modern sense but loose affiliations/tendencies amongst many (but not all) of those in Lords and Commons.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Tories stood for
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">established Anglican Church
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">maintenance of the royal prerogative
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">established line of succession to throne

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Whigs stood for
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">limitations on powers of the monarchy
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">increased power for Parliament
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">tradition of Protestant dissent from the established Anglican Church
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">greater hostility to papists/Catholic Church than Tories
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">‘Exclusion’ of Catholics from the succession.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Support for Republicanism
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">England had been a Republic 1649-1660.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Republican ideas had been taken up and spread during that period and afterwards by a number of propagandists including Milton.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">The failings of Republicanism during the Commonwealth could be easily forgotten as the political elite became worried about the corruptions of Charles' court and feared popery and arbitrary rule.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In reality, few in politics advocated a return to full blown republicanism but many, like the
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Whigs, thought that the powers of the monarchy should be seriously curtailed.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Most of those in Lords and Commons felt that Parliament should be the dominant power in the land.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Divisions between Anglicans and Dissenters; the impact of the Test Acts
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Dissenters more vigorously persecuted under new Conventicle Act (1670)
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Mainly passed as means of getting supply from parliament

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1672 Declaration of Indulgence
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Passed on eve of Third Dutch War
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Suspended all penal laws against Dissenters
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Offered licences to Dissenters to hold public worship.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Allowed Catholics to worship in their own homes

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Fear of popery
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Dissenters and Anglicans united in their fear of popery.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Believed that there were thousands of papists disguised as good Anglicans.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Worried about popery at the highest levels of society - Charles, his mother (Henrietta Maria) and his brother the Duke of York; ministers like Clifford and Arlington.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Concerned at alliance with Catholic Louis XIV and war against Protestant Dutch
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Catholic Ireland - always a likely springboard for Catholic invasion of England

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Test Act 1673
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">An Act ‘for preventing dangers which may happen from popish recusants’
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Brought in by the Commons as reaction to renewed fear of Popish plot.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1673 had seen big outburst of Anti-Catholic pamphlets and propaganda in wake of alliance with France - Louis seen as embodiment of Catholicism and arbitrary rule.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">In addition there were widespread rumours about the conversion of York to Catholicism.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Act said that all those who refused to take oaths of allegiance and Supremacy or who refused to take the sacrament according to the rites of the Anglican Church were to lose office.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Result was that York resigned all his offices and Clifford resigned as Treasurer, being replaced by Danby.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Test Act 1678
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Passed in the wake of the Popish Plot
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Extended Act of 1673 to cover members of House of Lords.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">All peers and members of Commons to make a declaration against transubstantiation, invocation of saints and sacrifice in the mass.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">York was excepted from the Act at Charles' insistence.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Danby keen to see laws against Non-Conformists enforced and so appeased Anglicans.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Holds conference with bishops in 1674 to get them to enforce laws against Non-Conformity more rigorously.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Wrote a memo to this effect to Charles in 1675
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles declared to parliament in 1675 that he would spare no effort to support ‘the Protestant religion as it is established in the Church of England from which I will never depart.’
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Keen to see Anglicans appointed to Commissions of the Peace (JPs) in place of Dissenters

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles II's relations with France and the Netherlands
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">This period saw new alliance with France (1670) and third Dutch War (1672-4)
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles wanted war against Dutch.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Wanted to avenge humiliation of Second Dutch War
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">War would allow him to increase strength of navy and army.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">War would increase English trade and his revenues from trade.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Key to Charles strategy was a French alliance with Louis XIV.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Louis not unpopular in England until his great success against the Spanish Low Countries in 1672-3.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">French alliance would bring French pension.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Louis XIV was Charles' sister's brother-in-law.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles jealous of fact that Louis ruled without recourse to parliament.

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">1670 Charles signed secret Treaty of Dover
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles and Louis agreed to humble the Dutch States General in a future war. Louis to determine the timing of declaration of war.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Louis to pay Charles £225,000 per year for duration of war.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles agreed to declare himself a Catholic at some unspecified time in the future (he never did) and Louis to provide more money and troops to help Charles in event of rebellion after the declaration

<span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Third Dutch War 1672-4
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Essentially this was a costly failure for Charles.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Hopes of using the navy to blockade the United Provinces failed.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles' French allies were much more successful on land against the Dutch.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Charles forced to sign Treaty of Westminster 1674 to end the conflict. Essentially this confirmed the 'status quo ante bellum'. England kept New York and the Dutch kept Surinam.


 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Lords proposed new oath to office holders that they would not attempt to alter ‘existing government in Church and State.’
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Attempts by James to build up support amongst Dissenters largely failed. Dissenters hated Catholics.
 * <span style="color: #000080; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;">Oct 1675 Commons still worried about a plot ‘by fanatics and papists to dissolve this Parliament.’

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